Age-related macular degeneration, typically abbreviated to AMD, is caused by damage to the macula's delicate cells - a process that gradually prevents it from working as the cells become worn out. This can cause vision loss if left unchecked, and age-related macular degeneration is currently the leading cause of registered blindness in the western world.
However, this is different to total blindness, since only central eyesight is affected; almost all AMD sufferers retain their peripheral vision.
Despite being one of the eye's most important components, few people know about the crucial role played by the macula. This small area in the middle of the retina governs the central part of our field of vision, processing sharp details for tasks like reading and writing.
There are two main types of macular degeneration - wet and dry. Also known as advanced AMD, the former involves leaking blood vessels under the macula, and it develops from the more common and insidious dry type, which is caused by a build97up of cellular debris. One eye often deteriorates before the other, making the condition harder to recognize, and many people's first experience of AMO is a gradually expanding blurred or dark spot in their central vision. Other early symptoms include straight lines appearing distorted, or a blurring of objects, along with light sensitivity and "Seeing" colors that aren't actually there.
The exact causes of age-related macular degeneration are not fully understood, although the elderly and people with a family history of the condition are at greater risk. Recent research has indicated a link between smoking and AMD; risk rates double and onset takes place considerably earlier, much like the established links between smoking and lung cancer.
Obesity and high cholesterol or blood pressure can also heighten the risks, whereas a diet including green leafy vegetables and fruits rich in zinc or vitamins C and E can help the eyes to fight off macular degeneration.
Since excessive exposure to sunlight over many years may contribute to the disease's onset, this is another reason to invest in effective sun protection eyewear, and perhaps stay away from cheap contact lenses which may offer little if any protection.
We can test for AMD in several ways, often by dilating the pupils and then using retinal photography to map any changes taking place in the macula. If there are any signs of damage at this stage, your Optometrist may refer you to an eye specialist.
Various treatments are currently available to slow down any deterioration or even partially reverse the onset of some types of AMD. Because age-related macular degeneration is painless and can take years to fully manifest, you may not recognize its symptoms, especially if you have been wearing discount contact lenses - and as with so many conditions, regular eye examinations are essential to assist with early diagnosis and any course of treatment.
