How The Laser Works In Laser Eye Surgery

What is a Laser?

LASER stands for Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation. The first word is a good place to begin. A laser is a light. Not a light like the one in your living room, but a special kind of light. It has unique qualities.

Monochromaticity - A laser has only one wavelength or color. A regular light bulb has a range of wavelengths.

Directionality - A laser has a narrow beam which does not diverge. Compare a laser pointer with a regular flashlight.

Intensity - A laser is an extremely powerful light. A simple laser can produce light which is a hundred times more intense than sunlight.

These properties make the laser useful in light shows, war games, and incidentally, health care. Within medicine, lasers were first adapted for eye surgery.

The Excimer Laser

Lasers are differentiated from each other by the wavelength of their light beam. A laser generated from krypton gas produces light with a wavelength of 647 nanometers (nm). This wavelength falls within the visible spectrum of electromagnetic radiation and is seen as red. An argon laser which is used in retinal surgery has a wavelength of 514 nm and is green. A holmium:YAG laser with a wavelength of 2.13 micrometers is useful in the treatment of hyperopia.

The excimer laser uses a combination of argon and fluoride gases to produce radiation in the ultraviolet range (193nm) which is invisible to the naked eye. This laser light has the ability to break molecular bonds in a process called photoablation.

In 1983, it was first realized that this laser could be useful for corneal surgery. Why? Because this laser was different. Unlike other lasers, the excimer had the ability to remove corneal tissue with a high degree of precision, and equally important, without causing thermal damage to the remaining tissue. Sculpting of the cornea entered into the realm of possibility.

It is difficult, yet desirable, to comprehend the degree of precision exhibited by the excimer laser. A millimeter is one thousandth of a meter or four hundredths of an inch. A micron, or micrometer, is one thousandth of a millimeter. That is, one millionth of a meter. For the sake of comparison, a potato chip is about 500 microns thick, a human hair is about 50 microns thick and a single red blood cell is seven microns in diameter. The excimer laser has the ability to sculpt the cornea within a fraction of a micron.

Advocates of laser eye surgery point out that the steadiest hands in the world cannot even approach that level of surgical precision.

There are other kinds of lasers on the horizon which act in a similar fashion to the excimer. The light from these solid state lasers is produced from a crystal, whereas the excimer beam is created from a gas. Technically, solid state lasers are not excimer lasers, but that's a whole new area to explore.

Before you have laser eye treatment, are you certain you fully understand the risks and implications of the procedures, and have you selected the right type of corrective eye surgery for your specific condition? Get all the facts that the ads don't tell you here.

Laser Eye Treatment - What You Need To Know

It will take a very comprehensive article begin to show realistically the promise of laser eye surgery and other refractive surgery treatments - the power of these highly-technical, life-changing procedures to correct focusing errors such as common nearsightedness. Unfortunately, many people are learning about the popular state-of-the-art LASIK operation through mass advertising campaigns. Some marketing methods can be misleading. Although "sound-bite" commercials help make people aware of this innovative technology, they are unable to tell the whole story.

For example, TV and radio advertisements seldom explain refractive surgery's effect on age-related presbyopia (a condition causing blurry near vision that affects middle-aged and older people). Nor can short commercials present details about potential complications.

Many LASIK eye surgery newspaper articles begin with a happy story about a thrilled patient praising their new miracle vision and end with a sad case about a different person with a poor result. While most people get excellent results, problems absolutely do occur.

Complication rates can vary considerably among doctors, depending upon their surgical skill, their training, and their understanding of their laser. A corneal surgeon - an ophthalmologist specially trained to operate within the cornea's multiple layers - may have an advantage performing LASIK. The newer flying-spot lasers may decrease the chance of problems.

Statistics can be confusing. You may wonder what is covered in the "complication rate."

Does it include "undercorrections" where the patient's eyesight after surgery remains a little near- or far- sighted?

What is the rate of rare serious infections that must be treated immediately with antibiotics?

Are the complications temporary or permanent?

Can they be surgically corrected?

Some complications can be managed immediately during the surgery, some are temporary, and some can be permanent.

You need to be able to select a doctor with the lowest possible complication rates for the procedure that you are considering.

Keep in mind that a physician may have a distinguished career in general ophthalmology, yet still be inexperienced at performing LASIK. LASIK eye surgery looks deceptively easy to perform, but it requires great technical finesse. The surgeon's learning-curve is steep and endless. LASIK has the potential to help millions of people, but the reputation of a procedure is only as good as its worst results. As much as humanly possible, doctors and their informed patients must reduce surgical risks to a minimum.

You may be fascinated with the idea of improving your vision, but you probably fear an operation on your eyes - especially after reading about a poor outcome in the popular press. Knowing the right questions to ask can help you achieve your goals and reduce your anxiety. Of course, caution is always prudent. But I believe that patient education is the key to managing the fear of refractive laser eye surgery.

Such knowledge should enable you to use this sophisticated medical technology to your benefit.

After researching your options you should begin to think more as an expert does. You will gain a better understanding of how your remarkable eyes work. You will have more insight into the benefits and risks of the operations mentioned above. You will know key questions to ask your doctor to see if you are a good candidate for refractive laser eye surgery. My goal is to help you make an informed decision about your eyes. Only then can you decide if the benefits are worth the risks, considering your lifestyle.

Do you want to have refractive surgery? Which kind? Are you a good candidate? If so, which procedure is right for you? And of paramount importance to your future vision, who should be your doctor?

Laser eye surgery is becoming an extremely popular method of correcting vision problems, but do you fully understand the implications and risks of opting for laser eye correction? Arms yourself with the facts about corrective eye surgery to help you make an informed decision before you risk the health of your eyes.